Dr Sara Burton
Course overview
- Study period
- Semester 1, 2025 (06/01/2025 - 07/06/2025)
- Study level
- Postgraduate Coursework
- Location
- Herston
- Attendance mode
- In Person
- Units
- 2
- Administrative campus
- Herston
- Coordinating unit
- UQ Medical School
The clinical component of the Mental Health course is conducted in mainstream mental health services, such as community, public and private hospitals or fully integrated services. The clinical attachment sites provide a variety of experiences and access to the private sector and community-outreach services occurs in some sites. Learning in the clinical setting is central to the course, additional learning being through Clinical Case Review Discussions, small-group tutorials and a range of on-line resources.
For onshore courses:ﾠThis semester-long course is one of three courses that make up the Comprehensive Clinical Practice (CCP) Semester. While each of the courses in CCP has a discipline focus and a related clinical placement, it is important to recognise that learning opportunities will arise for all courses in each one of theﾠclinical placements. You are strongly encouraged to take every opportunity during the whole CCP semester to acquire discipline-specific knowledge when the opportunity presents, to reflect on the ways that different disciplines view the same clinical problem, and to recognise how each discipline can contribute in different ways to the management of that problem.
For Ochsner courses: This semester-long course is one of three courses that make up the Women's, Children's and Mental Health Semester. While each of the courses in WCMHﾠhas a discipline focus and a related clinical placement, it is important to recognise that learning opportunities will arise for all courses in eachﾠone of theﾠclinical placements. You are strongly encouraged to take every opportunity during the whole WCMHﾠsemester to acquire discipline-specific knowledge when the opportunity presents, to reflect on the ways that different disciplines view the same clinical problem, and to recognise how each discipline can contribute in different ways to the management of that problem.
Welcome to MEDI7312 the Mental Health course which ﾠprovides you with the opportunity to learn a great deal about serious mental disorders and clinical psychiatry. Mental disorders are highly prevalent in the community and account for a significant proportion of the disability burden. They are commonly associated with general medical conditions and are often challenging to diagnose and treat. Whilst several good textbooks are available, I would strongly recommend that you allocate sufficient time to conduct frequent clinical interviews and detailed mental state examinations with people with mental disorders in order to become clinically proficient. There is no substitute for time spent undertaking clinical assessments, formulating cases and developing management plans.
After graduation, you will encounter people with mental disorders in many different settings, including the emergency department, general medical and surgical wards and in general practice. As an intern, you will need skills in rapid and accurate diagnosis and initial management. You will also need to know about psychopharmacology and psychological interventions.
To achieve this level of knowledge and skill, it is essential that you maximise your learning opportunities during your mental health clinical placementﾠby active involvement in as many aspects of the clinical process as possible. I hope your mental health course will open the door to a fascinating and important aspect of medicine.
Best wishes for your endeavours.
Prof Gerard Byrne, Mayne Professor of Psychiatry
Comments from students about this course:
- "I went into this degree absolutely discounting psychiatry as an option to me and I enjoyed my rotation so much that I think I may become a psychiatrist it has totally derailed my 5 year plan very inconvenient"
- "Mental Health was very interesting. I liked how we rotated through different faculties like mood team, consultant liason, acute care team, ED and geriatric mental health. The rotation keeps things different and interesting. The online cases were also good toﾠlearn mental health presentations"
- Blackboard resources were great. Wise words from clinicians were great. Assessment requirements a lot clearer than some other rotations.ﾠInteresting and well structured content"
Of course there is always room for improvement. We welcome feedback from students and suggestions about ways to improve your learning experience
Course requirements
Assumed background
This course builds on learnings from courses offered in Years 1 and 2 of the MD Program, in particular from courses in Clinical Science and Clinical Practice. The knowledge we expect you to have gained from these courses includes but is not limited to teaching and learning in human structure and function, disease processes and pathophysiology, and approaches to clinical assessment.
You are urged to review notes and learning materials from earlier courses in the program as appropriate during this course.
You are assumed to have learned about the following conditions:
- Anxiety disorders
- Mood disorders
- Substance use disorders
- Dementia
- Psychotic disorders
You are also encouraged to revise your learning about taking a psychiatric history and conducting a Mental Status Examination (MSE). This knowledge will form a platform for further learning including the development of differential diagnosis and comprehensive skills in management.
Previous learning in communication skills training in Years 1 and 2 will provide a basis for developing further skills in history-taking and establishing rapport with patients during the MEDI7312 clinical placement.
Prerequisites
You'll need to complete the following courses before enrolling in this one:
MEDI7212, MEDI7222 and MEDI7232
Incompatible
You can't enrol in this course if you've already completed the following:
MEDI7302
Restrictions
MD & MD (Ochsner) students only
Course staff
Lecturer
Dr Anna Jenkins
Course administrator
Medical School Student & Academic Administration Team
Other
Professor Gerard Byrne
Timetable
Additional timetable information
Clinical Unit specific timetables are available on Learn.UQ (Blackboard) > Clinical Unit Timetables
ﾠ
Participation
You should be aware of the Medical Program Participation Requirements. Non-compliance may result in failure in this course.
Aims and outcomes
Aims
The aim of theﾠmental health clinical placementﾠis to equip students to embark on their internship as competent and confident doctors.
In MEDI7312 we aim to provide learning opportunities and clinical experience so that you have the ability to:
- Develop a strong foundation of relevant and necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes, which will enable them to undergo postgraduate training in any one of the many fields of medicine;
- Develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to identify and manage common and serious illness in the field of mental health;
- Apply the highest ethical and professional standards in their practice of medicine;
- Develop and apply knowledge of the scientific basis, efficacy and adverse effects of therapeutic interventions.
Goals
On completion of the mental health clinical placement, you are expected to have the knowledge and skills to:
- Demonstrate empathic engagement and theﾠestablishment of rapport, utilising key communication skills including asking open questions and responding to cues;
- Take aﾠcomprehensive and systematic historyﾠfrom the patient and relevant informants;
- Conduct a detailedﾠMental Status Examinationﾠ(MSE) including cognitive assessment;
- Present a diagnosticﾠformulationﾠof the case including discussion ofﾠpredisposing, precipitating and perpetuating, protective and risk factorsﾠwhere relevant;
- Generate aﾠdifferential diagnosisﾠand demonstrateﾠclinical reasoningﾠto differentiate conditions;
- Explain the importance of relevant physical examination and appropriate investigations;
- Devise aﾠtailored and prioritised management planﾠincorporatingﾠpharmacological and non-pharmacological
Learning outcomes
After successfully completing this course you should be able to:
LO1.
Demonstrate maintenance of confidentiality
LO2.
Demonstrate compassionate management of patients
LO3.
Demonstrate understanding of the special needs of minority groups and those with disability
LO4.
Demonstrate the ability to recognise and analyse the ethical aspects of clinical situations
LO5.
Demonstrate knowledge of the normal structure and function of the human body and mind with an understanding of molecular, cellular and behavioural mechanisms
LO6.
Demonstrate knowledge of the various causes and mechanisms underlying disease
LO7.
Demonstrate knowledge of the scientific basis, efficacy and adverse effects of therapeutic interventions
LO8.
Obtain a comprehensive medical and psychiatric history
LO9.
Apply clinical reasoning in solving problems
LO10.
Develop appropriate evidence-based tailored management plans
LO11.
Demonstrate understanding and identification of important determinants of health, and the economic, psychosocial and cultural factors which contribute to disease
LO12.
Develop and apply risk reduction strategies for the prevention of disease or injury
LO13.
Demonstrate understanding of the role of multidisciplinary teams and skills in interprofessional communication
LO14.
Demonstrate professional behaviour in the clinical, tutorial and online learning environments
Assessment
Assessment summary
| Category | Assessment task | Weight | Due date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Examination |
Multiple Choice Examination
|
2/06/2025 - 7/06/2025
Scheduled by Medical School |
|
| Examination |
Case-Based Written Examination
|
2/06/2025 - 7/06/2025
Scheduled by Medical School |
|
| Practical/ Demonstration, Role play/ Simulation |
History and Mental Status Examination Assessment
|
Completed form must be submitted to local Block Coordinator by 5pm last day of clinical placement |
|
| Participation/ Student contribution, Placement |
Clinical Participation Assessment
|
Completed by 5pm of last day of clinical placement |
A hurdle is an assessment requirement that must be satisfied in order to receive a specific grade for the course. Check the assessment details for more information about hurdle requirements.
Assessment details
Multiple Choice Examination
- Hurdle
- In-person
- Mode
- Written
- Category
- Examination
- Due date
2/06/2025 - 7/06/2025
Scheduled by Medical School
- Other conditions
- Time limited.
- Learning outcomes
- L03, L04, L05, L06, L07, L09, L10, L11, L12
Task description
This examination comprises questions which may be multiple choice or extended match questions. The emphasis is on clinical reasoning and synthesis of information contained in a clinical stem rather than assessment based on recall of knowledge alone. Questions are based on the topics nominated in the curriculum and comprehensive blue-printing is used to ensure a spread of topics and themes (e.g. diagnosis, management). The rationale for each MCQ item is comprehensive and this is provided to you after release of results to maximise your learning. All questions are assigned correct responses at the time of writing the examination. A sample MCQ is available from the UQ library.
Criteria & Marking
All questions are assigned correct answers at the time of writing the examination.
You must obtain a mark of a total of 60% in the MCQ to pass this assessment. Standard setting methods may be used to adjust the pass mark.
Hurdle requirements
Performance Hurdle: You must complete and meet the passing standard to pass the course.Exam details
| Planning time | no planning time minutes |
|---|---|
| Duration | 90 minutes |
| Calculator options | (In person) Casio FX82 series only or UQ approved and labelled calculator |
| Open/closed book | Closed Book examination - no written materials permitted |
| Exam platform | ExamSoft |
| Invigilation | Invigilated in person |
Submission guidelines
Deferral or extension
You may be able to defer this exam.
Case-Based Written Examination
- Hurdle
- In-person
- Mode
- Written
- Category
- Examination
- Due date
2/06/2025 - 7/06/2025
Scheduled by Medical School
- Other conditions
- Time limited.
- Learning outcomes
- L04, L06, L07, L09, L10, L11, L12, L13
Task description
You are provided with a written clinical case vignette outlining clinical presentation, past psychiatric and family history, medical history, developmental background and Mental Status Examination.
You are required to devise a formulation of the case describing:
- A statement about the presentation
- Predisposing factors
- Precipitating factors
- Perpetuating factors
- Protective factors
- Risk factors
You are required to:
- demonstrate clinical reasoning to identify salient issues in the case which require further clarification and to present these in a prioritised manner.
- provide a provisional diagnosis and differential diagnosis and provide justification for their differential diagnosis.
- provide a detailed management plan including non-pharmacological, and pharmacological components (if appropriate) which is tailored to the case.
There are character limits for each section of this assessment.
The management plan must demonstrate ability to synthesise and prioritise key issues.
Examples of previous written assessments are provided on Blackboard with accompanying notes. You participate in weekly tutorials assisting them to acquire skills and confidence in case formulation.
Criteria & Marking
The Case-Based Written Examination marking sheet can be found in the Blackboard course site.
The pass mark for this assessment is set at 55%. The pass mark may be modified in accordance to standard setting methods.
Hurdle requirements
Performance Hurdle: You must complete and meet the passing standard to pass the course.Exam details
| Planning time | no planning time minutes |
|---|---|
| Duration | 90 minutes |
| Calculator options | (In person) Casio FX82 series only or UQ approved and labelled calculator |
| Open/closed book | Closed Book examination - no written materials permitted |
| Exam platform | ExamSoft |
| Invigilation | Invigilated in person |
Submission guidelines
Deferral or extension
You may be able to defer this exam.
History and Mental Status Examination Assessment
- Hurdle
- In-person
- Mode
- Activity/ Performance
- Category
- Practical/ Demonstration, Role play/ Simulation
- Due date
Completed form must be submitted to local Block Coordinator by 5pm last day of clinical placement
- Learning outcomes
- L01, L02, L08, L09, L14
Task description
This assessment provides the opportunity to demonstrate that you have the necessary skills to engage empathically with a patient (or simulated patient), and take a systematic history. In addition, you will need to demonstrate that you have the clinical reasoning skills to formulate the case and develop a differential diagnosis.
THESE ARE CORE SKILLS FOR EVERY CLINICIAN, REGARDLESS OF YOUR CLINICAL DISCIPLINE.
You are required to conduct a 30-minute interview with a patient (or simulated patient) which is observed by your clinical teacher. This time frame means that only a very focused history can be taken. After the interview, you have 10 minutes to reflect on your findings and then present a formulation of the case including a full Mental Status Examination
You are strongly encouraged to seek opportunities to observe your clinical teacher/s conducting interviews either face-to-face or using telehealth. Tutorials also provide opportunities for discussion of interviewing techniques. You are encouraged to conduct as many interviews as possible during your clinical placement and to seek feedback from your clinical teacher/s about your progress
You are required to negotiate a time with your clinical teacher or tutor to complete this assessment prior to the end of your placement
It is the responsibility of students to liaise directly with your clinical teacher/s regarding the timing of this assessment.
Criteria & Marking
You will receive a mark (Does not meet standard, Borderline, Meets or above Standard) for each of the five criteria in the History and Mental Status Examination Assessment, which will inform the overall mark.
You will receive a mark of 30/30 if assessed to meet or be above standard.
You will receive a mark of 18/30 if assessed to be borderline the standard.
You will receive a mark of 10/30 if assessed to not meet the standard. This will be considered a failed assessment.
A student who receives marks consistent with a FAIL in this assessment should immediately notify the Course Coordinator or Course Administrator of this outcome. You may be given an opportunity to remediate by undertaking one or more further assessments at the discretion of the Course Coordinator.
The Associate Dean (Academic), Faculty of Medicine has waived the requirement for this assessment item to be recorded. The History and Mental status examination assessment marking sheet will be used to document student performance through the provision of comments (see below link).
Hurdle requirements
Performance Hurdle: You must complete and meet the passing standard to pass the course.Submission guidelines
The completed History and Mental State Examination assessment must be handed in to your local Block Coordinator by 5:00 pm by the final day of your clinical placement.
Deferral or extension
You may be able to apply for an extension.
Late submission
If you fail to meet the submission deadline for the History and Mental Status Examination assessment without an approved extension, it will be considered as a lapse in professional conduct. The penalty will be a deduction of 10% relative percentage per day. Late submission longer than 7 calendar days will be considered as not meeting the passing standard for this assessment, in addition to being considered a lapse in professional conduct.
Clinical Participation Assessment
- Hurdle
- In-person
- Mode
- Activity/ Performance
- Category
- Participation/ Student contribution, Placement
- Due date
Completed by 5pm of last day of clinical placement
- Other conditions
- Work integrated learning.
- Learning outcomes
- L01, L02, L03, L04, L05, L07, L09, L10, L14
Task description
The Medical School considers that participation and engagement at clinical placements fundamental aspects of the MD program, consistent with the framework of self-directed and life-long learning and indicative of the need for clinical competence and professional conduct in addition to theoretical knowledge.
In all courses during Years 3 and 4 of the MD program, you are assessed on your professional conduct and clinical skills and the extent to which you have contributed and engaged in your clinical placement and clinical learning activities. The nature of these activities will vary according to the placement, but may include admitting/clerking patients, assessing patients at outpatient clinics, presenting at ward rounds and demonstrating initiative in attending other activities such as grand rounds.
Scoring in the Clinical Participation Assessment (CPA) is based on conduct and contribution during ward rounds and case discussions, initiative in seeking learning opportunities, behaviour towards peers and medical (and all other) colleagues, patient assessment, ability to succinctly present a patient case including differential diagnosis, and awareness of social and ethical issues including risk assessment.
The CPA components are:
- Clinical Communication
- History Taking
- Examination Skills
- Clinical Reasoning
- Engagement in Practice
- Professional Practice
- Reflective Practice
- Social/Cultural Competence and Safety
There is also a Student Flag component which allows a supervisor to report a student with concerning unprofessional or unsafe behaviour. The Student Flag component also provides a mechanism for notifying exemplary performance to the School.
To maximise your learning, you are encouraged to actively seek feedback from your clinical teacher/s during your clinical placement. This will assist in identifying any areas requiring further improvement before your final Clinical Participation Assessment is completed. Active engagement in the clinical setting is a requirement to pass this assessment task.
The CPA rubric can be found in the Blackboard Course Site for guidance so that you are familiar with marking criteria for each component.
Criteria & Marking:
The CPA is a global assessment of professional and clinical practice and contribute to your overall performance in the following ways:
- If you are enrolled concurrently in the WLP course, four components contribute to this MEDI7312 course (Clinical Communication, History Taking, Examination Skills, Clinical Reasoning) and the remaining components (Engagement in Practice, Professional Practice, Reflective Practice, Social/Cultural Competence and Safety and Student Flag) contribute to the WLP course.
- If you are not enrolled concurrently in the WLP course all components contribute to this MEDI7312 course.
Additional information may be received by staff from clinical placement site/s where you completed this course. This will be reviewed by the Course Coordinator and ratings completed by your supervisor in the CPA may be revised. For example, if your supervisor rated you as satisfactory related to professional conduct but the Medical School has other information available, the supervisor’s ratings may be moderated based on this additional information.
Your performance will also be reviewed at the End of Semester Examiner’s meeting and following discussion you may receive a non-graded fail for the course, if:
- There are any unsatisfactory results recorded in any of the CPA components contributing to this course (including moderations made by the Course Coordinator)
- There are four or more borderline results recorded in any of the CPA components contributing to this course (including moderations made by the Course Coordinator)
- The required number of CPAs have not been submitted to your supervisor for completion by the due date.
Factors that will be taken into account during the review undertaken at the End of Semester Examiner’s meeting include:
- Evidence of temporal improvement in performance across the course (if applicable)
- Completion and content of the WLP Task Review in response to unsatisfactory or borderline ratings
- Relative opportunity available across the semester
- Other factors relevant to your performance
Hurdle requirements
Performance Hurdle: You must complete and meet the passing standard to pass the courseSubmission guidelines
A function of the CPA discussion and form completion is to consider information from the whole placement. Therefore, you are expected to complete your CPA discussion and submit your CPA form during the final week of placement. Given clinician availability, there may be times when this is not always possible. If you complete your CPA discussion and submit your CPA form before the final week of placement for placements of 3 weeks or less, or before the penultimate week of placement for placements longer than 3 weeks, additional information obtained by your supervisor or Course Coordinator maybe considered to add to that discussed and submitted. Therefore, you are discouraged from completing the CPA discussion and form submission early.
You are expected to engage in discussions about your performance with your supervisor or their delegate throughout the course, preferably face-to-face. To ensure you receive synchronous feedback from your supervisor or their delegate, you are encouraged to request your supervisor to complete the assessment in real-time before the end of your placement. However, if your supervisor is unable to assess in real-time, you have the option to submit your CPA to your supervisor or their delegate, on or before the due date specified in the Assessment Section of this Course Profile, using the Email for later option in MyProgress. CPAs submitted after the due date without an approved extension will not be accepted and may result in a course failure.
If your supervisor has not assessed your CPA within 7 days after submission, you are encouraged to send a gentle reminder email to your supervisor via MyProgress. If there are problems contacting your supervisor or if your CPA remains unassessed, please contact your local Student Coordinator.
Deferral or extension
You may be able to apply for an extension.
Late submission
If you fail to meet the submission deadline for any Clinical Participation Assessment without an approved extension, it will not be accepted and may result in course failure regardless of whether the supervisor has rated your participation at a satisfactory or proficient level in the related course components.
Course grading
Full criteria for each grade is available in the Assessment Procedure.
| Pass/Fails | Description |
|---|---|
| Pass |
Course grade description: Demonstrated evidence of competency in meeting course learning objectives. See Additional Course Grading Information below. |
| Fail |
Course grade description: Insufficient evidence of competency in meeting course learning objectives. See Additional Course Grading Information below. |
Additional course grading information
Pass: To be considered for a grade of Pass (P) you are required to:
- Complete and submit all assessment tasks outlined in Section 6 Assessment
AND
- Meet the criteria for the CPA detailed in Assessment detail section
AND
- Pass each of the three course assessments (MCQ, Written Case Examination and History and Mental State Examination Assessment).
Marginal Fail: You will receive a marginal fail if you:
- Pass only two of the three course assessments (MCQ, Written Case Examination and History and Mental State Examination Assessment)
AND
- Meet the criteria for the CPA detailed in Assessment detail section
Fail: You will fail the course overall when you:
- Do not meet the passing standard in two or more of the three course assessments (MCQ, Written Case Examination and History and Mental State Examination Assessment)
OR
- You do not meet the criteria for the CPA detailed in Assessment detail section
Supplementary assessment
Supplementary assessment is not available for some items in this course.
If you fail the Clinical Participation Assessment (CPA), you will not be eligible for a supplementary assessment/examination. These assessments are based on the successful development and demonstration of professional competencies over the entire clinical placement and a record of attendance at all clinical placement days throughout the entire clinical placement, as required in the Medical Program Participation Guidelines.
Supplementary assessment will only be awarded where, in the judgement of the Associate Dean (Academic), you have marginally failed to attain the level of competence required for a passing grade in this course as per Assessment Procedures.
If you are eligible for a supplementary assessment, you will generally be required to complete the assessment task or tasks where you did not meet the expected standard.
Additional assessment information
Remark of assessment
The CPA is not eligible for requests for re-mark. This assessment comprises expert evaluation over an extended period within an authentic clinical learning environment which cannot be duplicated. This assessment therefore cannot be re-marked, and it cannot be cross-marked by another examiner.
The History and Mental State Examination assessment will be marked with performance assessed against criteria and standards as per the marking guideline.ﾠ
Previous academic difficulties
If you have experienced academic difficulties in previous years of the Program or during clinical placement, you are encouraged to reflect on the nature of these difficulties and discuss any need for extra assistance with your Course Coordinator/s and clinical unit / Learning Community at the beginning of the course.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Assessments
At UQ, the use of AI outputs without attribution, and contrary to any direction by teaching staff, is a form of plagiarism and constitutes academic misconduct.
If you use AI in your assessment without permission or appropriate acknowledgment it may be considered misconduct. If you have questions, you should ask your course coordinator.
Learning resources
You'll need the following resources to successfully complete the course. We've indicated below if you need a personal copy of the reading materials or your own item.
Library resources
Library resources are available on the UQ Library website.
Additional learning resources information
Comprehensive learning resources are provided on Blackboard
Learning activities
The learning activities for this course are outlined below. Learn more about the learning outcomes that apply to this course.
Filter activity type by
Please select
| Learning period | Activity type | Topic |
|---|---|---|
Multiple weeks |
Workshop |
Orientation to the clinical placement On the first Monday of each six-week clinical placement students access the online overview of the course and other introductory material including: 1. Course overview: The structure of the Mental Health clinical placement; learning opportunities and expectations of students; challenges and how to manage these; assessment; primer on clinical skills. 2. How to take a psychiatric history 3. How to conduct a Mental Status Examination (MSE) 4. An introduction to formulation 5. How to construct and document and management plan On this first Monday of the placement domestic students also participate in an on-line discussion forum with the course coordinator to clarify any practical issues related to the placement. Students in Ochsner receive a locally-delivered orientation. Learning outcomes: L08, L09, L11, L14 |
Practical |
Mental Health Clinical Placement Students are allocated to a clinical site where they are expected to take an active role in interviewing patients, completing admissions, attending ward rounds and outpatient clinics and presenting cases to their clinical teachers as appropriate within their clinical setting. The precise nature of the clinical activity will vary across sites and in some instances changes may be required because of resourcing and health directives. There are pre-recorded lectures available to assist students in revising the principles of psychiatric history-taking and conducting a Mental Status Examination Learning outcomes: L01, L02, L03, L04, L08, L09, L10, L12, L14 |
|
Tutorial |
Clinical Tutorials During this weekly activity students meet with peers and engage in focused discussion on a case which is available on Blackboard. Learning outcomes: L02, L03, L04, L05, L06, L07, L09, L10, L11, L12, L14 |
|
Not Timetabled |
Completion of on-line resources Each week students learn about specific topics through independently accessing resources on Blackboard. Resources are varied in their style and format and range from mp4s of lectures and powerpoint slides to journal articles and videos/documentaries. Learning outcomes: L03, L04, L05, L06, L07, L08, L09, L10, L11, L12, L13 |
Policies and procedures
University policies and procedures apply to all aspects of student life. As a UQ student, you must comply with University-wide and program-specific requirements, including the:
- Student Code of Conduct Policy
- Student Integrity and Misconduct Policy and Procedure
- Assessment Procedure
- Examinations Procedure
- Reasonable Adjustments - Students Policy and Procedure
Learn more about UQ policies on my.UQ and the Policy and Procedure Library.
School guidelines
Your school has additional guidelines you'll need to follow for this course: