Course overview
- Study period
- Semester 1, 2025 (24/02/2025 - 21/06/2025)
- Study level
- Undergraduate
- Location
- St Lucia
- Attendance mode
- In Person
- Units
- 2
- Administrative campus
- St Lucia
- Coordinating unit
- Historical & Philosophical Inq
This course explores major themes in Anglo-American moral and political philosophy. The course aims to consolidate and integrate previous learning through addressing current issues. Topics will be drawn from concepts in social and political philosophy, environmental philosophy, philosophy of education, legal philosophy and social and economic justice. This course may not run if there are fewer than 20 enrolments.
Enrolment in the external offering of this course is restricted and requires approval by the School of Historical & Philosophical Inquiry. If you are unable to attend the St Lucia campus, please contact the school at admin-hapi@uq.edu.au detailing why you are unable to enrol in the in person mode, and a supporting case as to why you should be permitted to enrol externally. Include details such as whether the course is compulsory in your major or program and if you require the course for pre-requisite requirements and progression. Please note that course requirements vary from School to School, and approval to enrol in one course externally does not automatically mean that others will be permitted.
NOTE: The information in this ᅠECP is subject to change ᅠuntil Week 1.ᅠ
The relationship between moral philosophy and political philosophy is complex. This course asks critical questions about how we should understand this relationship: Is political philosophy applied moral philosophy, and thus an enterprise concerned with how to make political realities conform to moral principles and ideals of justice? Or should political philosophy be understood more autonomously as rooted inᅠthe realities of social life, and responsive to the problems of political association and justice in practice.ᅠStudents will gain an understanding of the philosophical issues involved in these rival conceptions of moral and political philosophy, and explore their relevance toᅠa range of contemporary issues.
Course requirements
Assumed background
No background knowledge is required. Students will be introduced to key concepts and ideas and provided with suggested background reading.
Recommended prerequisites
We recommend completing the following courses before enrolling in this one:
PHIL1013
Incompatible
You can't enrol in this course if you've already completed the following:
PHIL7363
Course contact
Course staff
Lecturer
Tutor
Timetable
The timetable for this course is available on the UQ Public Timetable.
Additional timetable information
Timetable information is available at my.UQ
Aims and outcomes
The aim of the course is to consolidate and integrate issues which have been examined in the moral and political philosophy stream in the Philosophy Major. The course will enhance students' research expertise, analytical and critical skills, and abilities in verbal and written communication, as applied to contemporary moral and political philosophy.
Learning outcomes
After successfully completing this course you should be able to:
LO1.
Demonstrate effective communication and inquiry skills in the context of group discussion to explore possibilities with regard to the relationship between moral and political philosophy and contemporary issues.
LO2.
Understand key philosophical concepts in moral and political philosophy and identify the major ideas of some key philosophers.
LO3.
Understand and analyse arguments, concepts and problems relating to topics in moral and political philosophy.
LO4.
Demonstrate a capacity for creative thought, effective communication and high quality of written expression.
LO5.
Conduct advanced independent research and gain the skills to develop your own views about different theories in the field of moral and political philosophy.
Assessment
Assessment summary
Category | Assessment task | Weight | Due date |
---|---|---|---|
Participation/ Student contribution |
Participation and Exercises
|
20% |
Students must submit their critical questions and assigned tutorial work at the end of each tutorial. |
Essay/ Critique | Thesis Defence Essay | 35% 1500 words |
17/04/2025 2:00 pm
Submit via turnitin by 2PM on Thursday 17th April |
Essay/ Critique | Final Essay | 45% 1800 words |
9/06/2025 2:00 pm
Please submit via Turnitin before 2PM on the due date. |
Assessment details
Participation and Exercises
- In-person
- Mode
- Activity/ Performance
- Category
- Participation/ Student contribution
- Weight
- 20%
- Due date
Students must submit their critical questions and assigned tutorial work at the end of each tutorial.
Task description
Tutorial work involves two components: Tutorial participation and in-class activities. (Students with an accommodation must contact the course coordinator to arrange alternatives.) They run for 10 weeks (2-7 and 9-12). Each tutorial is worth 2%.
Tutorial work enables steady development of skills in philosophical analysis and critical thinking. A Community of Inquiry approach is taken where students work together to discuss the readings. Students will be judged on their ability to work collaboratively to progress arguments, raise critical questions, and discuss competing interpretations and points of view.
Tutorials are mandatory and attendance will be taken. Marks are not awarded for attendance but for contributions to collective discussion and completion of set tasks. Alternative or make-up work will be assigned to students who miss a tutorial due to medical or other legitimate reasons.
During tutorials, students are expected to:
1. Demonstrate evidence of comprehension of the texts assigned for reading each week through preparation and participation in the tutorial. Required readings will be marked 'required' and made available through the Library.
2. Come to class with a critical question for discussion within your group.
3. Complete an in-class exercise.
This assessment task evaluates students' abilities, skills and knowledge without the aid of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI). Students are advised that the use of AI technologies to develop responses is strictly prohibited and may constitute student misconduct under the Student Code of Conduct.
Submission guidelines
Submit to tutor at the end of the tutorial.
Deferral or extension
You cannot defer or apply for an extension for this assessment.
Late submission
You will receive a mark of 0 if this assessment is submitted late.
Thesis Defence Essay
- Mode
- Written
- Category
- Essay/ Critique
- Weight
- 35% 1500 words
- Due date
17/04/2025 2:00 pm
Submit via turnitin by 2PM on Thursday 17th April
Task description
TOPIC: Choose from a list of topics or devise your own topic in consultation with the course coordinator and write a thesis defence essay. Your essay must consider some objections to your arguments and claims, and should critically engage with arguments rather the just explain them (depending on the degree of complexity of the arguments you focus on). Students will be given opportunities to discuss their research plan during tutorials and consultation.
Due: Thursday 17th April @2PM
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Students should consult multiple sources and incorporate them effectively either to raise problems for a view or as suggesting possible solutions. Good essays will often consult around 5 credible and significant sources. Do not list sources in your bibliography that you do not cite in the body of your assignment.
2. Students must defend a thesis—for information on drafting thesis statements, consult the research paper guide on Blackboard.
3. State your conclusions clearly and signpost to the reader the structural components in the arguments (using indicator words to mark premises and conclusions).
4. Papers should exhibit a high standard of referencing used consistently (APA), and include page numbers for any attributions of ideas and/or quotes.
5. All assessment must comply with academic misconduct and integrity policies. It is mandatory for all students to complete two academic and misconduct integrity modules to receive a grade in courses offered through the School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry. If you have not completed these modules, please do so through Academic Integrity Modules (AIM).
Note on use of AI: This task has been designed to be challenging, authentic and complex. Whilst students may use AI technologies, successful completion of this assessment task will require students to critically engage with course material, and develop their own arguments and reasoning in dialogue with relevant secondary literature and through the creative use of examples. AI technologies will provide only limited support and guidance in this endeavour. If you do use AI, you must reference this use. Failure to do so may constitute student misconduct under the Student Code of Conduct.
Submission guidelines
Submit essays via Turnitin on the due date.
Deferral or extension
You may be able to apply for an extension.
The maximum extension allowed is 28 days. Extensions are given in multiples of 24 hours.
Please ensure that you apply for extensions prior to the due date.
Late submission
A penalty of 10% of the maximum possible mark will be deducted per 24 hours from time submission is due for up to 7 days. After 7 days, you will receive a mark of 0.
Final Essay
- Mode
- Written
- Category
- Essay/ Critique
- Weight
- 45% 1800 words
- Due date
9/06/2025 2:00 pm
Please submit via Turnitin before 2PM on the due date.
Task description
TOPIC: Choose from a list of topics or devise your own topic in consultation with the course coordinator and write a thesis defence essay. Your essay must consider some objections to your arguments and claims, and should critically engage with arguments rather the just explain them (depending on the degree of complexity of the arguments you focus on). Students will be given opportunities to discuss their research plan during tutorials and consultation.
Due: Monday 9th June @2PM
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Students should consult multiple sources and incorporate them effectively either to raise problems for a view or as suggesting possible solutions. Good essays will often consult around 5 credible and significant sources. Do not list sources in your bibliography that you do not cite in the body of your assignment.
2. Students must defend a thesis—for information on drafting thesis statements, consult the research paper guide on Blackboard.
3. State your conclusions clearly and signpost to the reader the structural components in the arguments (using indicator words to mark premises and conclusions).
4. Papers should exhibit a high standard of referencing used consistently (APA), and include page numbers for any attributions of ideas and/or quotes.
5. All assessment must comply with academic misconduct and integrity policies. It is mandatory for all students to complete two academic and misconduct integrity modules to receive a grade in courses offered through the School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry. If you have not completed these modules, please do so through Academic Integrity Modules (AIM).
Note on use of AI: This task has been designed to be challenging, authentic and complex. Whilst students may use AI technologies, successful completion of this assessment task will require students to critically engage with course material, and develop their own arguments and reasoning in dialogue with relevant secondary literature and through the creative use of examples. AI technologies will provide only limited support and guidance in this endeavour. If you do use AI, you must reference this use. Failure to do so may constitute student misconduct under the Student Code of Conduct.
Submission guidelines
Submit via Turnitin.
Deferral or extension
You may be able to apply for an extension.
The maximum extension allowed is 28 days. Extensions are given in multiples of 24 hours.
Late submission
A penalty of 10% of the maximum possible mark will be deducted per 24 hours from time submission is due for up to 7 days. After 7 days, you will receive a mark of 0.
Course grading
Full criteria for each grade is available in the Assessment Procedure.
Grade | Cut off Percent | Description |
---|---|---|
1 (Low Fail) | 0 - 24 |
Absence of evidence of achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 1, Low Fail (0-24%), is generally awarded in cases where some assessment has been submitted, but it is of wholly unsatisfactory standard or quantity. In work submitted, however, there is no demonstrated evidence of understanding of the concepts of the field of study or basic requirements of the course. |
2 (Fail) | 25 - 44 |
Minimal evidence of achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 2, Fail (25-44%), is generally awarded to work that exhibits deficiencies in understanding and applying the fundamental concepts of the course and field of study, and as such, does not satisfy the basic requirements of the course. Often, one or more major items of assessment will not have been completed. |
3 (Marginal Fail) | 45 - 49 |
Demonstrated evidence of developing achievement of course learning outcomes Course grade description: Grade 3, Marginal Fail (45-49%), is generally awarded if a student has submitted work that attempts to meet the knowledge and skill requirements of the course, but is only able to demonstrate a superficial understanding of the fundamental concepts of the course. Students will usually have attempted all major pieces of assessment and show that they have an identifiable, emerging ability to apply basic knowledge and skills. |
4 (Pass) | 50 - 64 |
Demonstrated evidence of functional achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 4, Pass (50-64%), is generally awarded where all major items of assessment have been submitted. An adequate knowledge of the fundamental concepts of the course and field of study should be demonstrated and a functional skill level achieved. |
5 (Credit) | 65 - 74 |
Demonstrated evidence of proficient achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 5, Credit (65-74%), is generally awarded where all items of assessment have been completed and a substantial understanding of the fundamental concepts of the course and field of study have been demonstrated. |
6 (Distinction) | 75 - 84 |
Demonstrated evidence of advanced achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 6, Distinction (75-84%), is generally awarded where all items of assessment have been completed and substantial knowledge of the deeper and more complex aspects of the course and field of study have been demonstrated. |
7 (High Distinction) | 85 - 100 |
Demonstrated evidence of exceptional achievement of course learning outcomes. Course grade description: Grade 7, High Distinction (85-100%), is generally awarded where all items of assessment have been completed and there is evidence that the deeper and more complex aspects of the course and field of study have been mastered. |
Additional course grading information
Essay Assessment Criteria:
Your essays will be assessed according to the following criteria:
1. Ability to define the topic or philosophical issue under debate. (Topic definition.)
2. Ability to construct a well-reasoned argument for a certain point of view. (Argument and Structure.)
3. Depth and breadth of understanding of the various positions in a philosophical debate. (Scope and Depth of Treatment)
4. Insight and/or originality in interpreting texts or constructing a point of view or argument. (Originality)
5. Capacity to produce a polished, well-written and appropriately referenced essay. (Presentation)
To achieve a grade of 7 (High Distinction, 85-100%), your essay should reflect an exceptional level of achievement. It should demonstrate that you have undertaken extensive, high-level research, that you are able to form a very rigorous, well-organised argument, and that your discussion is original and creative. It should also demonstrate that you are able to evaluate and organise data and/or evidence in a critical manner and that you have a sophisticated and insightful understanding of problems and issues. Your essay will be very well written, clear and concise, pay strict attention to discipline conventions and have minimal, if any errors in referencing, expression, grammar, spelling and punctuation: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 85-100%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 6 (Distinction, 75-84%), your essay should reflect an advanced level of achievement. It should demonstrate that you have undertaken wide research, that you are able to form a rigorous, well-organised argument, and that your discussion is coherent and convincing. It should also demonstrate that you are able to evaluate data and/or evidence in a perceptive manner, and that your understanding of problems and issues is perceptive and insightful. Your essay will be well written, clear and concise, follow discipline conventions and have few errors in referencing, expression, grammar, spelling and punctuation: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 75-84%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 5 (Credit, 65 – 74%) your essay should reflect a proficient level of achievement. It should demonstrate that you have undertaken the expected level of research, that you are able to develop or adapt convincing arguments and justify them adequately, that you are able to evaluate data and/or evidence in a proficient manner, and that you have a good understanding of problems and issues. The presentation and referencing of your essay will largely follow discipline conventions, perhaps have some errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation, and demonstrate your ability to communicate effectively: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 65-74%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 4 (Pass, 50 – 64%) your essay should reflect functional achievement. It should demonstrate that you are able to apply fundamental concepts and skills, that you have undertaken a basic level of research and have the basic ability to evaluate data and/or evidence, to identify problems and issues, to offer insights and to develop routine arguments. Your organisation, writing, referencing, spelling and grammar will be adequate and use some of the discipline conventions to communicate appropriately: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 50-64%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 3 (Marginal Fail, 45 – 49%), your essay should reflect developing levels of achievement. It should demonstrate that you have a superficial knowledge of fundamental concepts and skills, that you have undertaken a basic level of research, made some attempt to evaluate data and/or evidence, to identify problems and issues, and to offer insights. Your arguments, while underdeveloped, show your emerging ability to apply knowledge and skills. Your organisation, writing, spelling and grammar will be adequate, perhaps poor, and your referencing and use of discipline conventions poor/and or inconsistent. Alternatively, your essay may, in part, be well written and suggest human engagement and achievement but (whether actually developed with the help of AI or not) will (a) mostly exhibit the stereotypical and/or superficial understanding characteristic of generative AI text and/or (b) mostly fail, in a manner characteristic of generative AI text, to develop a sustained (multi-layered) argument: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 45-49%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 2 (Fail, 25-44%) your essay will reflect deficiencies in skill acquisition and in your understanding of the fundamental concepts of the course. It will demonstrate that you have not undertaken adequate research, that you are unable to evaluate data and/or evidence, to identify problems and issues, or to offer insights adequately. Your arguments will be unsupported and/or inappropriate, your organisation and writing will be poor and/or inappropriate and referencing and use of discipline conventions poor/and or inconsistent. Alternatively, your essay may suggest developing or higher achievement but (whether actually developed with the help of AI or not) will (a) exhibit the stereotypical and/or superficial understanding that is characteristic of generative AI text and/or (b) may fail to develop, in a way that is characteristic of generative AI text, a sustained (multi-layered) argument: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 25-44%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
To achieve a grade of 1 (Low Fail, 0-24%), your essay will reflect minimal evidence of achievement, and exhibit deficiencies in skill acquisition and in your understanding of the fundamental concepts of the course. It will demonstrate that you have not undertaken adequate research, that you are unable to evaluate data and/or evidence, to identify problems and issues, and/or to offer insights adequately. Your arguments will be unsupported and/or inappropriate, your organisation and writing will be poor and/or inappropriate, and referencing and use of discipline conventions poor/and or inconsistent: This grade is assigned for a total (sum of all the assessment components) in the range 1-24%. See assessment components for specific grading criteria.
Grade X: No assessable work received.
Tutorial Participation Assessment Criteria
Your tutorial participation will be assessed according to the following criteria:
1. Evidence of participation in discussions.
2. Evidence of preparation for the tutorial, most notably through completing the set readings and tutorial activities, and preparation of a critical question.
3. Quality of contributions to discussions.
4. Fostering of group discussions, through courteous and respectful interactions with staff and students.
5. Attendance is necessary to fulfill the above criteria, as per the course requirements, but marks cannot be awarded for attendance alone.
To achieve a grade of 7 (High Distinction, 85-100%), your attendance will be flawless and your participation exceptional. This grade reflects exceptional levels of preparation, mastery of course materials, and very high quality contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions. You should be able to engage with your peers very effectively.
To achieve a grade of 6 (Distinction, 75-84) your attendance will be excellent and your participation very substantial. This grade reflects excellent levels of preparation, knowledge of course materials, and high quality contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions. You should be able to engage with your peers effectively.
To achieve a grade of 5 (Credit, 65 – 74%), your attendance and participation will be good. This grade reflects proficient levels of preparation, good knowledge of course materials, and good quality contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions.
To achieve a grade of 4 (Pass, 50 – 64%) your attendance and participation will be satisfactory. This grade reflects adequate levels of preparation and knowledge of course materials, and an acceptable quality of contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions.
To achieve a grade of 3 (Marginal Fail, 45 – 49%) your attendance and participation will be unsatisfactory. This grade reflects irregular attendance and/or participation and superficial knowledge of course materials and basic levels of preparation. However, when in attendance, there is evidence of your ability to demonstrate developing achievement in contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions.
To achieve a grade of 2 (Fail, 25-44%), your attendance and participation will be very unsatisfactory. This grade reflects irregular attendance and/or participation, minimal knowledge of course materials, little evidence of preparation, and mixed to low quality of contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions.
To achieve a grade of 1 (Low Fail, 0-24%), your attendance and participation will be unsatisfactory. This grade reflects irregular attendance and/or participation, an no evidence of preparation, and little or no evidence of quality of contributions to, and fostering of, group discussions.
Supplementary assessment
Supplementary assessment is available for this course.
Additional assessment information
Failure to submit all major assessment items (those worth 15% and above) will result in a maximum grade of 2 (Fail)
By submitting work through Turnitin you are deemed to have accepted the following declaration:ᅠ‘I certify that this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted, either previously or concurrently, in whole or in part, to this University or any other educational institution, for marking or assessment’.
All students must ensure that they receive their Turnitin receipt onᅠevery submissionᅠof assessment items. YOU MUST CHECK THAT THE RECEIPT CONFIRMS THAT SUBMISSION HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL.
A valid Turnitin receipt will be the only evidence accepted if assessments are missing.
- Without evidence, the assessment will receive the standard late penalty, or after 7 calendar days, will receive zero.
- In the case of a Blackboard outage, please contact the Course Coordinator as soon as possible so that they can confirm the outage with ITS
It is the responsibility of the student to ensure that they are submitting assessment items on a device that is capable of the task, and that appropriate internet bandwidth and speed is available.
- If you cannot be sure that your device or internet will enable you to complete or submit an assessment task, you must come onto campus and use one of the University Computers in the Library or Computer Labs.
Plagiarism, and asking or paying someone else to do your work is cheating and constitutes academic misconduct. See ECP Section 6.1
- Feedback against the assessment criteria in the form of comments on your script will be provided through Turnitin or on your script directly.
- For information on assessment remarks see:ᅠhttps://my.uq.edu.au/information-and-services/manage-my-program/exams-and-assessment/querying-result
Learning resources
You'll need the following resources to successfully complete the course. We've indicated below if you need a personal copy of the reading materials or your own item.
Library resources
Find the required and recommended resources for this course on the UQ Library website.
Additional learning resources information
UQ LibraryᅠPhilosophy Subject Guide
Learning activities
The learning activities for this course are outlined below. Learn more about the learning outcomes that apply to this course.
Filter activity type by
Please select
Learning period | Activity type | Topic |
---|---|---|
Week 1 (24 Feb - 02 Mar) |
Lecture |
Week 1: Welcome and introduction Introduction to PHIL3630 course expectations and overview assessment requirements. Introduction to Moral and Political Philosophy NOTE: No tutorials in Week 1 |
Week 2 (03 Mar - 09 Mar) |
Lecture |
Week 2: Moral and Political Philosophy I How should we understand the relationship between moral principles and political philosophy and practice? We consider two different responses to this question - moralism and realism - and unpack the issues each raises for our understanding of the role of morality in political life. Tutorial 1 |
Week 3 (10 Mar - 16 Mar) |
Lecture |
Week 3: Moral and Political Philosophy II A continuation of the discussion of moralism and realism in political theory and practice with a focus on considering various challenges to each view, and what each theoretical position implies for political practice. Tutorial 2 |
Week 4 (17 Mar - 23 Mar) |
Lecture |
Week 4: Political Philosophy 1 The Birth of Modern Political Philosophy: Hobbes and the 'first question' of politics. What does it mean for governments to be good? Are we 'political animals'? Tutorial 3 |
Week 5 (24 Mar - 30 Mar) |
Lecture |
Week 5: Political Philosophy 2 Modelling Public Reason: The powers and perils of social contracts Tutorial 4 |
Week 6 (31 Mar - 06 Apr) |
Lecture |
Week 6: Value monism and pluralism 6.1 Value Monism or pluralism? 6.2 Dimensions of moral judgements Tutorial 5 |
Week 7 (07 Apr - 13 Apr) |
Lecture |
Week 7: Just War 7.1 Is it possible to talk about justice in a state of war? 7.2 The doctrine of double effect as an attempt to bridge moral idealism and difficult reality. Tutorial 6 |
Week 8 (14 Apr - 20 Apr) |
Lecture |
Week 8: Morality and the emotions What are emotions, and what role do they play in morality? We critically reflect on a range of ancient and contemporary philosophical approaces to the study of emotions in morality. No tutorials this week. Essay consultation will be held during the normal tutorial times. Essays are due this week. |
Week 9 (28 Apr - 04 May) |
Lecture |
Week 9: Moral emotions The role of emotions in morality is the subject of widespread philosophical controversies. We examine a range of these controversies, and raise questions about the relation of emotion to moral consciousness, the role of emotion in evaluation and moral judgement, and the contributions emotions make to moral agency. Topics covered include a discussion of emotions such as empathy, shame, guilt, and outrage, which many regard as quintessentially moral emotions. Tutorial 7 |
Week 10 (05 May - 11 May) |
Lecture |
Week 10: Morality and artifical intelligence Can artificial intelligence be moral? Can AI be programmed to make ethical decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas? We discuss various philosophical perspectives on these issues. Tutorial 8 |
Week 11 (12 May - 18 May) |
Lecture |
Week 11: Anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism 11.1 Can we know how to do what is best by things which are very different from us? Tutorial 9 |
Week 12 (19 May - 25 May) |
Lecture |
Week 12: Corruption 12.1 The processes of cultural change 12.2 the concept of 'corruption' and what it says about our understanding of politics Tutorial 10 |
Week 13 (26 May - 01 Jun) |
Lecture |
Week 13: Review Review and essay preparation No Tutorials this week |
Policies and procedures
University policies and procedures apply to all aspects of student life. As a UQ student, you must comply with University-wide and program-specific requirements, including the:
- Student Code of Conduct Policy
- Student Integrity and Misconduct Policy and Procedure
- Assessment Procedure
- Examinations Procedure
- Reasonable Adjustments - Students Policy and Procedure
Learn more about UQ policies on my.UQ and the Policy and Procedure Library.